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  Web Book Home Page | Chemogenesis Main Index Foreword:  Chemogenesis & Chemical Education Part I   Atoms | Elements | Periodic Tables 1.1  Introduction to Chemogenesis 1.2  Nucleosynthesis of The Elements 1.3  The Segrè Chart 1.4  Quantum Numbers to Periodic Tables 1.5  The Periodic Table: What Is It Showing? 1.6  The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 1.7  Periodicity Part II   Structure | Bonding | Material Type 2.1  Mono-Bond Typed Binary Compounds 2.2  Binary Compound Synthlet 2.3  Electronegativity 2.4  van Arkel-Ketelaar Triangles of Bonding 2.5  Tetrahedra of Structure, Bonding & Material Type 2.6  Structure, Bonding & Material Synthlet 2.7  The Classification of Matter: Chemical Stuff Part III   Interactions | Reactions | Mechanisms 3.1  The Chemogenesis Analysis: An Overview 3.2  Lewis and Brønsted Models of Acidity 3.3  The Hard Soft [Lewis] Acid Base Principle 3.4  Main Group Elemental Hydrides 3.5  Five Hydrogen Probe Experiments 3.6  Congeneric Dots, Series & Planars 3.7  Quantifying Congeneric Behaviour 3.8  Ligand Replacement Congeneric Series 3.9  Congeneric Array Interactions 3.10  Emergence of Organic Chemistry 3.11  Congeneric Array Database 3.12  The Five Reaction Chemistries 3.13  Lewis Acids & Lewis Bases: A New Analysis 3.14  The Lewis Acid/Base Interaction Matrix 3.15  Patterns in Reaction Chemistry Poster 3.16  Lewis Acid/Base Interaction Matrix Database 3.17  Nucleophiles, Bases & The Fluoride Ion 3.18  Redox Chemistry 3.19  Redox Chemistry Synthlet 3.20  Radical Chemistry 3.21  Diradical Chemistry 3.22  Photochemistry 3.23  Species/Species Interactions 3.24  The Simplest Mechanistic Step: STAD 3.25  Unit & Compound Mechanistic Steps 3.26  The Mechanism Matrix 3.27  Addition To A Double Bond Synthlet 3.28  Pericyclic Reaction Chemistry Part IV   Chemical Theory 4.1  Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 4.2a  Thermochemistry: List Reactions Synthlet 4.2b  Thermochemistry: Play With Reaction Synthlet 4.2c  Thermochemistry: Bulid A Reaction Synthlet 4.3  Timeline of Structural Theory 4.4  Modern Lewis Theory 4.5  Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion: VSEPR 4.6  Diatomic Species by Molecular Orbital Theory 4.7  Polyatomic Species: Molecular Orbitals 4.8  Organic π-Systems 4.9  Functional Group Database Part V   Complexity & Emergence 5.1  Chemistry & Complexity: Systems 5.2  Linear Chemistry Systems 5.3  Chemical Systems Prone to Complexity Part VI   Extras 6.1  Chemogenesis Videos 6.2  Chemical Thesaurus Reaction Chemistry Database 6.3  Chemogenesis Paper 6.4  Electronegativity as a Basic Elemental Property 6.5  What is Chemistry? (Workshop) 6.6  Literature References & Further Reading

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The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables

There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D.

Use the drop menus below to search & select from the more than 1300 Period Tables in the database: 

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The 10 Periodic Tables most recently added to the database:

Rectangular Array Model of Chemical Elements

Dr. Laith H . M . Al-ossmi, Rectangular Array Model of Chemical Elements https://www.academia.edu/119516234/Rectangular_Array_Model_of_Chemical_Elements

Abstract: This paper introduces a novel graphical representation of the periodic table, termed the "Rectangular Array Model". This innovative representation adheres to the group numbering recommendations provided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The rectangular array model arranges the known chemical elements (118 elements) according to their similarities in chemical properties, within 7 horizontal periods and 14 vertical groups. Hydrogen has been relocated to join oxygen within the elements of the first period and group 12. The rectangular array model reattached the position of 30 elements of lanthanides and actinidines into the table body. We respectfully encourage educators across various academic institutions to adopt this new periodic table format in their teaching practices.

Mark Leach the PT database administrator & curator writes:

WARNING: This formulation is NOT contiguous with respect to atomic number (surely, a prerequisite for any periodic table formulation?); it does NOT use IUPAC Group Numbers correctly, even though the abstract states that it does; it does not present electron or orbital structure and neither does it show periodicity in any way.

Rodríguez Peña & García Guerra's Periodic Spiral of The Elements

Rodríguez Peña, M., García Guerra, J.Á. The periodic spiral of elements. Found Chem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-024-09510-4

Abstract There are 2 main problems with the current periodic table: artificial breaks from a given noble gas to the next alkali metal (along with the common protrusion of the "f" block) and hydrogen placed in the alkali group, although this gas also exhibits halogen properties. This paper proposes arranging chemical elements in a square spiral with hydrogen at the centre. This element is also above lithium but passes above fluorine to connect with helium, representing its dual alkali and halogen nature effectively. Then the spiral moves outwards in a counter-clockwise direction, avoiding artificial breaks and following the natural direction of reading for the "s" and "p" blocks elements placed at the bottom of the spiral. Furthermore, this proposed square spiral improves upon previous Janet's and Benfey's representations with a more regular shape to draw, an effective depiction of the dual nature of hydrogen, and easily identifiable orbital blocks without the need for protrusions.

Epicylindrical Periodic Table

An Epicylindrical Periodic Table by Steven Fowkes, who writes: "All the twist is confined to the s orbitals, 1/2 slant x 2 elements = one period lower."  

Published in the Reed College Alumni Magazine March 2010.

Creating a Symbol of Science: The Development of a Standard Periodic Table of the Elements

Robinson, Ann E., "Creating a Symbol of Science: The Development of a Standard Periodic Table of the Elements" (2018). Doctoral Dissertations. 1385.
https://doi.org/10.7275/12706048 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1385. Download and view the PDF.

See Ann E. Robinson's ORCID page.

Mark Leach writes:

"An excellent, comprehensive study that is full of details and references."

100 Years of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements

A Soviet Union publication in Russian celebrating Medeleeve's seminal work of 1869: 100 Years of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements, X Centennial (Jubilee) Mendeleev Congress. The work is the product of 23 Authors. (Thanks to Ann E. Robinson, René Vernon & Valery Tsimmerman for the info.)

Cylindrical Periodic Table with Seven Vertical Columns

The Cylindrical Periodic Table with Seven Vertical Columns by Laith H. M. Al-ossmi, College of Engineering, University of Thi-Qar, Iraq; Thi-Qar University Pres. Read the full paper here.

Abstract: In this article, a new model of the periodic table in cylindrical form wrapped around its outer circumference is presented, departing from the traditional periodic table of elements adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The cylinder is designed to encompass seven periodic periods, with elements distributed throughout based on their atomic order. This design allows for six vertical columns on the surface of the cylinder to represent the distribution of elements.

Atomic & Ionic Radii Periodic Table

A periodic table showing atomic and ionic radii from Chem Libre Texts. The text says: Figure 3.7. Source: Ionic radius data from R. D. Shannon, "Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides," Acta Crystallographica 32, no. 5 (1976): 751–767.

Mark Leach writes:

"I came across this periodic table while researching an exam question with a student: Which ion is larger: Na⁺ or F^–?

"Note that N^3–, O^2–, F^–, Ne, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ & Al³⁺ are all isoelectronic in that they all have the same electronic configeration: 1s², 2s², 2p⁶. The only property that changes is the nuclear charge, which increases from + 7 to + 11.

"Thus, N^3– will be the largest and Al³⁺ the smallest in this set of isoelectronic species as the increasing nuclear charge pulls the electrons closer. Likewise from P^3– to Sc³⁺ which are all 1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p⁶."

Emerson's Spiral Formulation

Emerson EI, 1944, A new spiral form of the periodic table, JChemEd., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 111–115

René Vernon writes:

Emerson says that the elements in the A groups are called the representative elements because, as Eble states, they "include metals, nonmetals, inert elements, liquids, and gases." Eble RL, 1938, Atomic structure and the periodic table, JChemEd., vol. 15, p. 575

Note the inclusion in Emerson’s table of the neutron as element 0. Astonishingly, Emerson writes: "Element 0, possibly neutron [sic], is considered as a noble gas. Because of its probable chemical inertness and extreme density it might not be detected in a sizeable amount until some future scientist succeeds in sampling the center of the Earth." (p. 111)

(Mark Leach adds: The date is 1944 when the Manhattan Project was in full swing and nothing was being published about nuclear physics and/or neutron interactions. This idea may have come from some type of Popular Science story?)

Other features:

• The A and B groups are diametrically opposed in their positioning. "The electron structure of H either as H⁺ or H^– finds a counterpart in the structure of element 0 or 2." (p. 113)
• The cell spaces for Be and Mg have been stretched on account of uncertainty as to whether they belong to group 2 or group 12. "The break between the periphery of the loops of the spiral along the spaces allotted to Mg and the transition metals of the fourth period serves to indicate that Be and Mg are not to be considered as a kind of prototype of these groups." (p. 111)
• "The C group is shown as a separate segment. If one were not concerned by plane representation the rare earths could be represented as a loop or bulge above the surface of the plane. One might imagine that this group of metals is a sort of hernia of nature that has been excised so as to maintain a flat surface." (p. 112–113)

Marks' Aufspaltung Formulation

John Marks' Aufspaltung (or "Splitting") formulation, after Mendeleyev (1869), Ramsay (1915) & Sommerfeld (1916).

Bilateral Symmetry in the Periodic Binodic Table

René Vernon, who developed these ideas, writes:

This table is adapted from the work of Gutiérrez-Samanez (2020), who discusses mathematising the chemical periodic system as a grid, which leads to a quadratic function or “binódica function” formed by pairs of periods or binodos (dyads).

The difference is that whereas Gutiérrez-Samanez showed the first pair of periods as H-He and Li-Be, this table shows the first period as e-n and H-He. Here, e is the electron and n is the neutron. Each pair of periods is shown pancake style rather than in a single row. The formula for the length of each paired period or binode is 2n² = 2, 8, 16, 32.

The idea of paired periods has a long history; it seems to have originated with Werner in 1905.

According to Jensen:

"The temptation to read more into the shape of the table than is really there is almost overwhelming. Even someone as great as Werner was tempted (1905). Having postulated a missing element between H and He, he decided to perfect the symmetry of his table by guaranteeing that rows of differing length always occurred in pairs. Consequently, he further postulated a row of three missing elements lying above the H-X-He row."

Rydberg (1913, pp. 12–13) used a formula 4n^2 for the number of elements in the paired periods: 4, 16, 32, 64. This formula is also used by Gutiérrez-Samanez.

Paired periods were also used by Janet (1928), Saz (1931), Achimov (1946) and Baca Mendoza (1953).

References

• Achimov EI 1946, Zhur. Obshchei Khim., vol. 16, p. 961; https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=776
• Baca Mendoza O 1953, Leyes Genéticas de los elementos Químicos, Nuevo Sistema Periódico, National University of Cusco, https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/Mendoza_PT.pdf, accessed May 12, 2024
• Gutiérrez-Samanez JA 2020, Binódic periodic system: a mathematical approach, Found Chem, vol. 22, pp. 235–266 (255)
• Janet C1928, Essais de classification hélicoïdale des éléments chimiques. Imprimerie Départementale de l’Oise, Beauvais, https://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?PT_id=152
• Jensen WB 1986, Classification, symmetry and the periodic table, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 12B, no. 12, pp. 487–510 (508)
• Rydberg JR 1913, Untersuchungen über das system der grundstoffe, Lunds Univ. Ärsskrift, vol. 9, no. 18. In French: 1914, Recherches sur le système des éléments, Journal de Chimie Physique, vol. 12, p. 585
• Saz E 1931, Iberica, vol. 35, p. 186
• Wemer A 1905, Beitrag zum Aufbau des periodischen Systems, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges, vol. 38, pp. 914–921, 2022–2027

© Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –

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